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Seeker's avatar
Seeker
Icon for New Contributor rankNew Contributor
5 years ago

Cyclone IVE - I/O standard and output impedance

I am using Cyclone-IVE FPGA (EP4CE55F23C8N).

I was tryinng to figure out what source series termination I should use for I/Os in 3.3V powered bank.

The required I/O standard is LVCMOS 3.3V. In the IBIS model, I was able to find cmos33_cio_d2.

(1) What is the significane of the term d2 in cmos33_cio_d2?

(2) What is the drive strength in this model - I need to simulate it in 12mA drive strength and slow, but I am not seeing any such option.

(3) When I use this model as output in Hyperlynx VX2.7, I am getting the driver output resistance greater than 50 ohms. What is happening?

Thanks n Regards,

Binayak

5 Replies

  • AminT_Intel's avatar
    AminT_Intel
    Icon for Regular Contributor rankRegular Contributor
    5 years ago

    Hello,

    The term cmos33_cio_d2 is (in a_b_c form):

    a. 3.3 LVCMOS

    b. Column IO

    c. 2mA drive strength.

    The term d2 stands for drive strength of 2mA in this model. May I know how did you get driver output resistance?

    Thank you.

    • Seeker's avatar
      Seeker
      Icon for New Contributor rankNew Contributor
      5 years ago

      Hi Amit,

      You can approximate the output resistance as follows:

      • Simulate the open-ended driver with a step edge.
      • Now connect the driver to ground through a series resistor Rs.
      • Now sweep the Rs value such that the output voltage level with the resistor is half of the voltage level we got when simulating with just the driver. The value of Rs in such case is equal to the output resistance of the driver.

      (1a) Is the process that I described correct? If not, what is the correct process to determine output resistance of the driver?

      (1b) From the output resistance calculation as described above, the output resistance for cmos33_cio_d2 is coming more than 50 ohms. In such case, can we use source series termination? If yes, what value would you use because for 50 ohms characteristics impedance (Zo), Rs = Zo - Rdriver.

      (2) So as per your reply, does it mean that the maximum drive strength of 3.3V LVCMOS is only 2mA? This is weird as this value is too small. We normally have lvcmos drive strength as 8mA or 12mA as typical values for driving 50 ohm transmission lines.

      Thanks n Regards,

      Binayak

      • AminT_Intel's avatar
        AminT_Intel
        Icon for Regular Contributor rankRegular Contributor
        5 years ago

        Hello,

        (1a) Is the process that I described correct? If not, what is the correct process to determine output resistance of the driver?

        (1b) From the output resistance calculation as described above, the output resistance for cmos33_cio_d2 is coming more than 50 ohms. In such case, can we use source series termination? If yes, what value would you use because for 50 ohms characteristics impedance (Zo), Rs = Zo - Rdriver.

        May I know how did you get this resource to determine the output resistance of the driver? You may use source series termination under certain conditions. You may refer more details on this document: https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/programmable/us/en/pdfs/literature/hb/cyclone-iv/cyiv-51006.pdf

        (2) So as per your reply, does it mean that the maximum drive strength of 3.3V LVCMOS is only 2mA? This is weird as this value is too small. We normally have lvcmos drive strength as 8mA or 12mA as typical values for driving 50 ohm transmission lines.

        The d2 in the acronym means 2mA drive strength for fast slew rate. You can view the naming method from Cyclone IV Models User Guide from this link: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/programmable/support/support-resources/download/board-layout-test/ibis/ibs-ibis_index.html

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