Cannot find specific errors of kernel compilation

As I expected, your design is too big to fit on the FPGA, and that is why it is failing to compile. This is the area estimation from the log:

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
; Estimated Resource Usage Summary                                   ;
+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+
; Resource                               + Usage                     ;
+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+
; Logic utilization                      ;  191%                     ;
; ALUTs                                  ;   69%                     ;
; Dedicated logic registers              ;  121%                     ;
; Memory blocks                          ;   14%                     ;
; DSP blocks                             ;  136%                     ;
+----------------------------------------+---------------------------;

Your kernel will probably need at least 499 double-precision multipliers and a huge amount of memory and logic to support them. If you write the kernel as follows, you will have the exact same dependency but with a very modest area usage:

__kernel void Test51(__global double *data, __global double *rands, int index, int rand_max){
    double2 temp;
    int gid = get_global_id(0);
    temp = data;
    for (int i = 1; i < 500; i++)
    {
        temp = (double) rands * temp;
    }
    data = temp.s0;
}

It is worth mentioning that loops in NDRange kernels are not pipelined and instead, are shared by multiple threads to keep the pipeline busy. Because of this, loop-carried dependencies do not have much of a negative effect in NDRange kernels. However, if you write the same kernel as single work-item, you will get an initiation interval of higher than one due to the loop-carried dependency on the temp variable and very bad performance (which can be fixed by inferring a shift register as outlined in Intel's documents).