Change to:
(* altera_attribute = {"-name SDC_STATEMENT \"set_false_path -from [get_registers *clk0_temp*] -to [get_registers *clk1_temp_f1*]\""} *)
reg clk1_temp_f1;
Note that it's almost like the command were in the .sdc, in that it isn't tied just to this hierarchy. I'm pretty sure it just runs the command and therefore you need to wildcard the hiearchy path to this level.
If you want to keep .sdc constraints with HDL, another option is to create a .qip file that adds both the HDL and an .sdc for that HDL. This what Altera does for most of its IP. (In some cases they do embed constraints though...)