hi!
these keywords come up from the altera HAL delivered with your dev tools.
they come up from the system.h and altera_avalon_pio_regs.h
the IOWR_ALTERA_AVALON...-macros come from the second include file. they write data in the register of the pio, which base-address is defined in the system.h file. also they care about caches and write directly to the registers.
most of the# ifdef-lines ask for macros defined in the system.h include file. there are all peripherals listed which you have included in your niosII-system (build in the sopc builder). in system.h there are also bae adresses, memory spans and so on. take a look at them and you will see pretty fast where they come from.
schafrichter