Technically metastability can last forever, which is why it's generally reported as an MTBF, or Mean Time Between Failures. That being said, you can get that MTBF up to trillions of years or more, making it pretty much a guarantee it won't happen.
https://newwww.altera.com/content/dam/altera-www/global/en_us/pdfs/literature/wp/wp-01082-quartus-ii-metastability.pdf That being said, Quartus can analyze metastability, not only by synchronizer but for the whole design:
https://newwww.altera.com/content/dam/altera-www/global/en_us/pdfs/literature/hb/qts/qts_qii51018.pdf