I'm not sure not having the cache enable at such an early point in the boot process is really a problem. I think the real problem is the SDRAM calibration that failed. You can compile a new version of the preloader wich will give you more output on the calibration process and where it fails, by changing the RUNTIME_CAL_REPORT to 1 in uboot-socfpga/board/altera/socfpga/sdram/sequencer_defines.h and recompiling it.
Have a look at
https://www.altera.com/content/dam/altera-www/global/en_us/pdfs/literature/hb/external-memory/emi_ip.pdf sections 17.4 and 17.5 for more information on how to debug calibration failures.