Addressing in hex file

if you talk about bytes and byteadr. you still think of an 8 bit cpu

nios is a 32bit cpu, so when accessing 32bit = 4bytes then the lowest 2 adr bit are 00

nios has an adr alignment of 4 means in bytes it uses byte adr 0 4 8 c 10 14 18 1c 20 ... to store 32bit

so your 16kByte memory from 0xc000 up to 0xFFFF hast 16384 byte what is 4096 memory locations of 32bit

you can't store 4 byte in 1 byte adr, but you can in 1 32bit wide memory

about your first question, if you have FFFF in the adr field of the 02 record, then multiplyed by 16 you get 0xFFFF0 but you can't add 0xFFFF from the data record to it as this adr. mode will be maximum um 0xFFFFF what gives 20 Bit adr space. resp. 1MByte maximum

So have a look at Type 05 Start Linear Address Record (used by epcs controler) that enables you to gain access to the full 32bit memory in linear mode

Here again it starts with

:020000020000fc

and is followed by

:040000000001703a51

:0400010004c00074c3

again

:04 means 4 data bytes

0000 adr

00 type

0001703a data

51 checksum

next line

:04000100:04 means 4 data bytes

0001 adr (pay attention we are in 32 bit mode !)

00 type

04c00074 data

c3 checksum