what's different of LAB, ALUT, etc?

For the designer a simple fpga anatomy(model) is enough. any deeper insight is for altera people.

A large modern fpga is made up of configurable mass of logic plus scattered ASIC-like blocks(dedicated stuff).

The configurable logic block is open to various enhancements. Its unit is called LAB (or CLB with xilinx terminolgy).

Each LAB consists of a number of logic units and each such unit is made up from a lut(or alut) plus mux plus FF. The lut implements the combinatorial decisions, the mux acts as a switch and the ff for clocking rtl chains.

The dedicated blocks may include memory, PLL, mult or whatever else they want to put there e.g. they might decide to put dedicated counters/adders etc thus heading more and more towards asic structure...

Don't forget the io block. these are dedicated blocks of special importance