How to stream video (and process) into FPGA

Sometimes, working with image sensors directly is easier than working with a camera packaged for PC use. (USB 3 vs. GigE) topic becomes "which PC-centric interface is easiest to do in FPGA" and the answer is GigE.

(by the way, >900Mbps GigE Vision is no problem in point-to-point or lightly loaded switched network).

My suggestion would be to look for a different camera that is easier to interface with. HDMI/DVI as Tricky said, but also CameraLink, Sony LVDS, HD-SDI, ....

Cyclone (III/IV/V/10) is plenty for the task you're describing, but $200 budget is probably not enough. The BeMicro CV A9 board would have been close (GigE) but I believe it's discontinued, and most of the cheap SoC boards only bring the GigE PHY to the ARM HPS MAC.

The Terasic VEEK is probably as-good as any starter kit for learning with video processing.