I was also receiving the same error and Altera Support told me that you can't install the devices in version 10.1 from the command line, but after playing with it for awhile I got it working using a batch file with the following commands:
(Note: Target location of Quartus install for us is
C:\Altera\10.1) "
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\arriagx.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\arriaii.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\arriaiigz.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\cyclone.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\cycloneii.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\cycloneiii.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\cycloneive.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\cycloneivgx.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\max7000s.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\max7000ae.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\max7000b.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\max3000a.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\max7000a.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\maxii.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\maxv.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\stratix.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\stratixgx.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\stratixiigx.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\stratixii.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\hardcopyii.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\stratixiii.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\stratixiv.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\hardcopyiii.qda"
"
C:\Altera\10.1\quartus\bin\quartus_sh.exe" --qinstall -qda "%~dp0devices\subscription\stratixv.qda"
-Jason