There are some previous threads related to TDC design, e.g. this
http://www.alteraforum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=4705 http://www.alteraforum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=27386 Literature suggests that TDC time resolution in the range you addressed has been implemented in FPGAs.
As the previous posts show, there are some problems to make Quartus understand your intentions. But it's possible somehow. A more basic problem is making the carry chain work across logic array blocks without larger delay steps.
As far as I remember, a logic cell primitive, that has it's carry input connected to another logic cell (not a constant) will be set to arithmetic mode.