Briefly reviewing your Qsys/Quartus project, it all looks OK and your SignalTap does seem to be showing a packet coming in.
At this point I'm guessing there is a bug in your .c somewhere.
You can double check with SignalTap that the Avalon-ST ports to/from the SGDMA are OK - they ought to be 'ready' and maybe you'll see 'sop' ?
I would also suggest during this debug phase to switch over to the full 10/100/1000 MAC so you can incorporate and dump the statistics counters. If you're seeing data coming in on the PHY, and nothing on the Avalon-ST - you ought to see some counters increment.