Arria V GX Starter Kit - Quartus II DKE? One year license?

It will still support the Arria V GX after that period, you just won't be able to update it to a more recent version.

I've always used Quartus with a subscription license so I can't be sure, but I think you should be able to compile for all the devices you want. The "real" subscription license is locked to a computer, but I don't know exactly how it works with a kit license. If you have those kind of concerns before committing your money to an expensive kit, I recommend that you ask those questions directly to your FAE or local distributor. You'll get an official answer and they are usually very helpful.