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You need to place the set_attribute in the quartus project file.
Easiest way to do that is with the constraints editor.
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I think what Avatar had in mind was using the Assignment Editor to enter set_instance_assignment (not set_attribute) lines in the Quartus settings file, or .qsf (not the Quartus project file, or .qpf).
As Avatar said, the TimeQuest .sdc file has timing constraints and exceptions. Device settings, even those affecting timing, are Quartus settings in the .qsf file.
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I'm looking for an TimeQuest constraint to change the I/O drive strength and the slew from the I/O. I can change the drive strength in the Chip Planner but I'm looking for an constraint which I can write into my .sdc file.
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If you made a change in the Chip Planner or Resource Property Editor without making the change in the .qsf, then you can use the ECO flow to get the change into the Quartus database so that TimeQuest will see it when you open the project in TimeQuest. The ECO flow is documented in the Quartus handbook Volume 2, Section IV, Chapter 14. You might just have to do "Check and Save All Netlist Changes" in the Resource Property Editor, but refer to the handbook to see whether there are any other required steps.
There are some settings that can be changed in the .qsf and then used by TimeQuest without recompiling first. The Quartus help page for create_timing_netlist says, "Use '-force_dat' to rerun delay annotation. This is required if any delay annotation setting is changed in the Quartus II project revision (e.g. OUTPUT_PIN_LOAD)." I don't know whether -force_dat will make TimeQuest see a change to a Current Strength or Slew Rate setting in the .qsf without first compiling.