All 4 of the computers (3 that work and 1 that fails) have the same operating system = Windows 10. This is supported for Quartus 19 per the link you sent. All 4 computers were recently re-imaged and thus have received the same OS, updates, and tool installs. Additionally, they all are operating on the same source that comes out of source control.
I am curious about the stack trace that I provided. Does that give any clues as to specifically what the hang-up could be? As I mentioned earlier, I am able to complete synthesis and implementation if I use the Quartus GUI and it also works if I tell DSE to only build 1 instance at a time. Ironically, the failing computer has the most RAM and the most computing horsepower out of all 4 computers.