Quartus failed to run inside Docker (Linux)

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I ... eventually found https://github.com/chriz2600/quartus-lite. The interesting thing about their implementation is that they're using tcmalloc (http://goog-perftools.sourceforge.net/doc/tcmalloc.html) instead of the stock malloc, which is unusual enough that I had to try it. Sure enough, installing libtcmalloc-minimal4 and then LD_PRELOADing it did the trick:

export LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libtcmalloc_minimal.so.4
${QUARTUS_PATH}/nios2eds/nios2_command_shell.sh ./build.sh -r ${_revision} -s ${_size}

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This worked for me too, using an Ubuntu 16.04 Docker image. Thank you for letting us know - you've saved me a lot of time.