Error: near "1e": Digits must follow 'E' character in real

A .bdf file is a schematic file and not RTL. Maybe things have changed but I have never heard of Modelsim supporting .bdf files since you typically feed it RTL like verilog or VHDL. You might be able to use Quartus to convert your schematic bdf into verilog/VHLD and use that for your simulation instead.