Yocto has taken me quite awhile to work things out, but in short, there are two very useful commands:
bitbake
bitbake-layers
The bitbake-layers command can be used along with show-layers, show-overlayed, or show-recipes to print out evverything available, the active version of the recipes, etc.
If you want to examine a specific recipe, you can walk it back, layer-by-layer, and running "bitbake-layers help" will give a nice printout of how to find cross-dependencies and similar.
For the dts/dtb, these are machine specific, and are defined in the MACHINE files. A good description of this can be found here:
https://community.freescale.com/thread/339128. Now if you're really interested in the Altera implementation, it's part of meta-altera/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-altera.inc, where it uses the default dtb files. to really make your own, you'd probably want to make a new layer that pulls them from were you want or copies them over directly yourself.