I found an explanation and a solution.
Explanation:
This occurs because Quartus-Lite package includes copies the libstdc++ shared libraries which are older than those provided by the system.
Solution: Ensure that `quartus` uses the system-provided libraries.
Option 1: (Preferred) Use `LD_PRELOAD` to ensure the proper libstdc++ shared library is loaded. Add the `LD_PRELOAD` line (or equivalent) to your shell startup file (e.g. `~/.bashrc`):
# Intel Quartus and friends
export QSYS_ROOTDIR="/home/warnes/intelFPGA_lite/21.1/quartus/sopc_builder/bin"
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/intelFPGA_lite/21.1/nios2eds/bin:$HOME/intelFPGA_lite/21.1/questa_fse/bin:$HOME/intelFPGA_lite/21.1/quartus/bin
export LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6
(I also included the QSYS_ROOTDIR line added by the installer, and adding the quartus tool binaries the path.)
Option 2: (Hack) Rename all of the shared libraries within the install directory to prevent `quartus` from finding them.
cd ~/intelFPGA_lite
find . -name "libstdc++.so*" -print -exec mv \{\} \{\}.orig \;
I tested both on Ubuntu 21.04.3.