A good place to start is with the timequest timing analyzer quick start tutorial (http://www.altera.com/literature/ug/ug_tq_tutorial.pdf).
Constraints help Quartus to fit your design so that it meets your timing requirements. Quartus will work as hard as necessary to meet the timing constraints you've specified. Only when it can't meet them will it report a timing violation. This is similar to performing STA once your design is complete only Quartus has a set of rules to determine if it's met timing, rather than leaving you to analyse the results of STA.
Happy New Year,
Alex