I see in Quartus simulator, that SDA is changed simultaneously with rising SCL edge, which is not complying to the I2C specification. I see, that SDA is driven in push-pull mode. This may possibly work, but do you have also an SDA pullup resistor as required at least for data reception.
Generating a correct I2C timing requires more than two clock phases per bit. It may be, that the AD7151 tolerates some deviations from I2C specification, but would expect, that they tested the device with an I2C master following the standard, e. g. a uP with I2C interface.