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Do you know where I can find an example project (VHDL) for such a pulse generator?
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Browse the web: there are a lot of VHDL tutorials available online and most of them offer these kind of code samples.
You must select the one which meets your needs.
Take also a look to
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Other question: Do I need to connect a crystal to the FPGA ( EP3C10E144C8N ) or does it has it's own internal clock?
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You can't use a crystal nor internal clock. You must connect to a active clock. If you have never designed with FPGAs you'd better look at the schematics of the Cyclone starter kit: you'll find it on Altera website; there's also a lot of literature and tutorials which can help you.