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All the registers in the memory map table (pg. 27) have 8-bit data.
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Ok.
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For now I'm only trying to perform one transaction. I either do a read or a write. For a read, I send 16-bits to the ADC (1-bit R/W + W[1:0] + Addr[12:0]) and get 8-bits back. For a write I just add 8-bits of data after the address.
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Right, but its not working. So as a debugging aid, can you control the chip select signal?
When your board powers on, what is to stop a few glitches occurring on the clock signal and getting the device in a screwy state. Even though the ADC has a mode where chip-select can be asserted low all the time, it might need it to be deasserted while being powered up.
Just a thought ...
Cheers,
Dave