There are different solutions, but I think all of them are not easy for a beginner.
1. Write your pixel elaboration algorythm in C and use Nios
2. Implement an Avalon MM master in your VHDL module, so you can directly access sdram; but this makes Nios pointless
3. Wrap your vhdl code into a Nios custom instruction
4. Use Nios to transfer data to vhdl module (possibly using dma) and then get it after it has been elaborated. In this case you must provide an Avalon slave MM or ST interface to your vhdl module.
The first one is the easiest, but from what you said I guess you don't want to use it.