MAX10 FPGA with JTAG issue and damaged FPGA

Unfortunately, I don't think you're missing any detail. A previously working board no longer does. The JTAG ID code of all 0's is very ominous, perhaps as 'simple' as a blown JTAG buffer. However, there's no fixing that or any other fault in the device that may prevent the JTAG chain from functioning correctly. Without that you can't use the device.

Before writing it off do check all the power rails. Refer to the power tree on the 2nd page of the schematics and check all the rails it identifies are working, especially those that the FPGA relies on.

Cheers,

Alex