Hi Martin,
I check from your attached picture and it loosk like there is no problem with your physical board configuration.
I do not know any method to verify the sd card content and I was using windows to write the download files into the sd card.
The sdimage.img is the only file required to boot up the system with logs and is the most direct method to show the board in operation.
Another method is to configure the pyhsical board to boot the system with qspi instead of sdcard, this will requires some program tools to flash the necessary files into the qspi flash.
writing the below file related to Uboot(u-boot-with-spl.sfp) into the qspi flash will be enough to observe any logs.
The example cmd below is from the document I shared below and you can get the particular prebuilt file from the other link.
quartus_hps -c 1 -o pv -a 0x000000 u-boot-with-spl.sfp
Further information for reference as below:
The document for cyclone v building bootloader:
https://www.rocketboards.org/foswiki/Documentation/BuildingBootloaderCycloneVAndArria10
The prebuilt images for cyclone v:
https://releases.rocketboards.org/2022.11/gsrd/c5_gsrd/
There is a board test system under (Kit Installation (ZIP) (22.1 std)) for Cyclone V to check some basic functionality example like turning on some LEDs of the board from this link:
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/details/fpga/development-kits/cyclone/v-sx.html
Regarding the quartus license, can try to check back with the sales contact of the purchased board.
Thanks.
Regards,
Aik Eu