Hi NFarb,
I assume that when you mentioned "attempt to download/upload VHDL code from quartus onto the DE0-NANO board" you are actually referring to programming the .sof file. Let me know if you are referring to something else than .sof file. Have you tested using another Win 10 machine or different Quartus version to program the .sof file? I have tried to program the .sof file into our Cylone IV GX dev kit successfully multiple times without any failure. Please try other Win 10 machine with the Quartus programmer to program the .sof file. If you are able to use another Win 10 machine with the Quartus programmer v18 to program the .sof file successful (without BSoD) then the issue is most likely lies with your Win 10 machine itself.
You can search online for some useful tips or FAQ regarding on the PFN_LIST_CORRUPT issue in Win 10:
https://win10faq.com/pfn_list_corrupt-error-in-windows-10-how-to-fix/
https://windowsreport.com/pfn_list_corrupt-windows-10/
Otherwise, you can aslo check/ask question in Microsoft Community regarding on the PFN_LIST_CORRUPT issue in Win 10:
https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/
Regards,
Nooraini