Do yo want to do the work or just infer rom(for just few samples)?
I suggest you don't worry about whether a rom is inferred or not(leave that to the tool for now).
Note your data is constant inserted by you not ADC and so contradicts what you say.
ARCHITECTURE Behavorial OF ... IS
signal count : integer range 0 to 7 := 0;
type my_type is array (0 to 7) of std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
constant ADC_array : my_type := -- { or (, not sure of syntax
(0 => "00010000",
1 => "00010001",
2 => "00010010",
3 => "00010011",
4 => "00010100",
5 => "00010101",
6 => "00010110",
7 => "00010111");
begin
process(clk)
begin
if (rising_edge(clk)) then
if (adc_full = '1') then
count <= count + 1;
end if;
data <= ADC_array(count);
end if;
end process;
end architecture;