FPGA(Opencl) code work well in emulator mode, but can't finish run on the FPGA

There is no way the "data_in" kernel would deadlock without printing anything. If you don't get any output from that kernel at runtime, it is possible that there is something wrong with your host code. I have no idea how Altera implements printf, though; there might be implementation-specific details that block the printf calls.

Needless to say, you definitely have an ordering issue in reading and writing CONV1_BIAS and CONV1_WEIGHTS; you are first writing CONV1_WEIGHTS and then CONV1_BIAS, while reading them in the opposite direction. This is very likely one major (or the only) source of your problem.