First of all, they have not fixed ANY incompatibilities in the new version - you'll still have to provide ancient glibc, freetype2 and ncurses for modelsim to work. You'll see some hints how this can be done in the arch wiki, they're still valid for 17.1: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/altera_design_software
Second, the installer problem is not limited to you either - guess it was too easy to get this thing running before, so something new had to be introduced. Exclude Help and Modelsim from your install and install them separately from the components directory. I'd still like to have a better workaround to use with the AUR packaging script, so please let me know if you have an idea how to make it work by itself.
I know it's not a forum for complains but for help, but I really struggle to understand why software with such a reach and a price tag on it (i mean, it's not just the Lite edition I assume) can not be properly maintained for compatibility and not delivered properly packaged for at least a single up-to-date distribution instead of this windows-like stuff which then even manages to fail with a task as trivial as self-extraction. I mean, any decent open-source project has continuous integration and automated testing set up and sees such problems coming immediately, and they drag incompatibilities through multiple major releases..