The official supported Linux versions for Quartus II v9 are SUSE 9 or 10, Redhat 4 or 5 and CentOS 4 or 5. The problem with binary installs under Linux is that if there is a too strong difference between the OS libraries and what the application expects you will get that sort of errors. The error message you get could come from a conflict between some X11 libraries from ubuntu and some that Altera brought with Quartus but I'm not sure. Also note that Quartus 9 for Linux is 32-bit only so if you have a 64-bit OS installed you need the 32-bit X11 compatibility libraries correctly installed.
I remember back in the day we installed Quartus II 9 on Ubuntu 10 and it was still a pain, especially with the JTAG drivers IIRC. You'll save yourself a lot of trouble with either installing a supported version of Linux (could be in a virtual machine) or try a more modern version of Quartus (I'm not sure Ubuntu is supported even in the newer versions of Quartus, but some people probably managed to do it anyway).