Some basic questions regards Altera Max V

Try to redo some simple sample projects, and implement them on FPGA.

Reading from Input & writing to outputs is simple in Verilog/VHDL. Depending on your sensor interface you may need simple or complex interface.

The frequency of device will be determined after you implemented your design. It may be 100 MHz or 250 MHz, etc. TimeQuest reports how fast your design can run.