You don't say what version of Quartus or even what device you are using. Or if your tr-state bus is on chip or off chip.
That being said, physically any FPGA I am aware of does not have a true on-chip tri-state bus per se, but it is implemented with logic and multiplexors.
So logically your Verilog/VHDL may be written as a tri-state bus, but during synthesis it is turned into logic, specifically an N:1 multiplexor for the driver function.
Depending on how wide your N:1 mux is (ie, number of discrete source drivers) and how fast your clock rate is, it might just be the logic delay is longer than a clock cycle.