So, first check:
https://www.altera.com/content/dam/altera-www/global/en_us/support/boards-kits/max10_dk_schematic_revc_pcb.pdf 1) Can you see the USB Blaster provided clock when probing the board with a JTAG programmer plugged in?
2) Do the voltages on the JTAG pins look correct/as expected? Are the pulled up and pulled down values reading correctly?
3) Can you install J13 and see the Max II over JTAG (don't program!)?
4) Are the clocks on page 3 all as expected?
It's very possible the JTAG is bad, so this is all I can think of for now. Check each power and clock rail, and see if the USB Blaster is working right.