Hi Steffen,
I'm using "weak pull up resistors"...
set_instance_assignment -name WEAK_PULL_UP_RESISTOR ON -to D5M_SCLK
set_instance_assignment -name WEAK_PULL_UP_RESISTOR ON -to D5M_SDATA
On the slave side there is a 1.5K pull up resistor on the data line.
I'm not sure if it makes much difference (being open drain?), but in the pin planner, the drive current is set to 16mA. (I use values 0 and 'z')
Slew rate is the default 1.
The little shark fin is just the remains of ack driven by the slave (meant to be low).
I don't think there are any capacitors in the circuit as such. However there might be some protection resistors in line.