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The values stores in global memory are of type integers and performed by the host. When I try to read this data from the global memory the Avalon memory module always reads 512 bits of data from the memory address specified. How do I get the integer data should I be reading the most significant 32 bits of the readdata signal or least significant 32 bits of the data signal?
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You need to read from a 512-bit aligned address, and then extract the 32-bits from wherever you had written them. If you had written them at offset 0 of the 512-bit aligned address, then read them from the 32 LSB's.
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Also if I store 16 such integers in the global memory from the host then can I read all of them in just one read (also by setting burstcount as 1) ?
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Yes.
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Now, if I increase the burst count then will I get burstcount*512 bits of data?
ie, if burstcount = 4; will I get 4 chunks of 512 bits data. Therefore reading a total of 4*512 bits = 2048 bits (or 64 integers).
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Yes.
See Figure 3-8 in
https://www.altera.com/content/dam/altera-www/global/en_us/pdfs/literature/manual/mnl_avalon_spec.pdf
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