As i understand you are using JTAG chain to programm it. If I am correct only device boot process from its internal flash could fail if tRAMP is not met. tRAMP time should take no effect when using USB blaster to programm it with quartus software.
1. Check nSTATUS pin that it goes high after power up.
2. What programmer do you use? I had similar situation with Terrasic USB blaster, sometimes it failed to programm from first try.
3. There should be some error codes in quartus when programming fails. What does it say?
4. Can you provide schematic part of power supply connection at MAX10 device side? I will take a look if there are no errors.