About FPGA programming to MAX 10

Background
We are developing a product using MAX 10, and we are currently having an issue with FPGA programming to MAX 10.
At present, we have implemented the following two methods for updating the FPGA on MAX10 (10M16SCU169I7G), and we are performing operation verification.

1. FPGA update from Quartus via the JTAG connector using a USB-Blaster
   (programmed with either JBC or POF)
2. FPGA update from the SoM
   (programmed with JBC)
3. The SoM is based on jamplayer, and we are attempting to program it using the following altera-stapl implementation:
   https://github.com/kontron/altera-stapl

Additional information

• The JBC file is created by converting a POF file generated by Quartus into a JAM file using Quartus Programmer, then adding one line of source code to the JAM file, and finally converting it into a JBC file using quartus_jbcc.exe.
• The JTAG signals from the SoM and the JTAG signals from the JTAG connector are connected together on the circuit.
• The Quartus version used is Quartus Prime Lite 25.1.

Issue
Both methods are connected to the MAX 10 JTAG pins for programming.
With method 1, programming has been confirmed to work with both JBC and POF files.
However, with method 2, programming fails.

Questions

• In the log, “No SLD hub” and “No SLD node” are displayed, and the process terminates with “Unrecognized device.”
  Which step of the JBC programming flow for MAX 10 is failing when these messages appear?
  (We would also like to know the overall JBC programming procedure.)
  Also, what possible causes could lead to failure at that step?
• With method 2, the JBC file generated from the POF fails to program, while the JBC file generated from the SOF succeeds.
  What are the differences between these two files?

Excerpt from the JBC programming log

configuring SRAM device(s)...

DRSCAN bit=0 tdo=0

-- omitted --

DRSCAN bit=2446255 tdo=0

TMS=0 TDI=0 TDO=1

DRSCAN bit=0 tdo=1

-- omitted --

TMS=1 TDI=0 TDO=1

DRSCAN bit=959 tdo=1

DRSCAN bit=0 tdo=0

-- omitted --

DRSCAN bit=22 tdo=0

TMS=0 TDI=0 TDO=0

DRSCAN bit=0 tdo=0

-- omitted --

TMS=1 TDI=0 TDO=0

DRSCAN bit=31 tdo=0

DRSCAN bit=0 tdo=0

-- omitted --

DRSCAN bit=31 tdo=0

TMS=0 TDI=0 TDO=1

DRSCAN bit=0 tdo=1

-- omitted --

TMS=1 TDI=0 TDO=1

DRSCAN bit=3 tdo=1

No SLD hub

TMS=0 TDI=0 TDO=1

DRSCAN bit=0 tdo=1

-- omitted --

TMS=1 TDI=0 TDO=1

DRSCAN bit=3 tdo=1

No SLD node

Unrecognized device

Exit code = 6... Unrecognized device

Program took 15.000000 seconds to execute.

We would appreciate any advice, even if it seems minor, to help us solve this problem.