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How can I check if my project is using that number?
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Assignments->Device
The GUI will show you what you have selected.
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And where in the board design documents can I find it? The data sheet, the schematics or another document?
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I would hope so. Can you see the top of the FPGA package? If so, its printed on there too.
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And, if the project is using a different code, how can I change it to the correct one?
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Change the Assignments->Device settings to the correct part number and recompile the project. Changing the part number might cause Quartus to reset all assignments, so you'll have to figure out which ones are important and set them up again for the new project. One way to determine what the current settings are, is to have Quartus generate a Tcl file for the current design using Project->Generate Tcl File For Project.
Cheers,
Dave