Generate Simulation data from RAM or ROM table and acquire with Signal Tap Analyzer?

Test benches are, usually, not synthesizable...

I assume your filter's input is a N bit vector which provides 1 sample per clock.

If you want to run the test with L samples, you need a NxL ROM with the samples (you can use a megafunction for that).

Then you need to connect the ROM's output to your filter's input and add a counter to cycle through the ROM's addresses.b

You can then use SignalTap to see the filter's output.